Journal Articles

• The mechanism of soft tissue damage: It is all in the rub. Sarah A. Curran,Wales Centre for Podiatric Studies, Cardiff Metropolitan University and  J. Martin Carlson, CPO, Tamarack Habilitation Technologies. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, vol. 39, 1: pp. 82-84., January 2015.
• The Friction Factor. J. Martin Carlson, CPO. Ortho Kinetic Review, November/December 2001.

Technical Presentations & Whitepapers

• The Science of Shear. Caroline Portoghese, OTR/L, LNHA, ATP/SMS, MSCS, MBA, Tamarack Habilitation Technologies and Stacey Mullis, OTR/L, ATP, Permobil. Presented at the Handi Medical 2018 Education & Equipment Conference, February 2018.
• Shear-Related Ulcerations of the Foot and Interventions Incorporating ShearBan Friction Management Technology: Nine Case Studies. Luis Rodil, BOCPD, ESDISA, 2016.
• The Shear Factor in Decubitus Ulcer Development. J. Martin Carlson, CPO. Presented at Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA), June 2012.
• White Paper: Using ShearBan® to Offload Shear on the Diabetic Foot. May 2010.
• White Paper: Wheelchair Seating: Preventing and Treating Decubitus Ulcers with Friction, Shear, and Pressure Management, July 2010.

Additional Recommended Reading on Pressure, Friction & Shear in Human Environments and Laboratory Research

• Akins, J. S., Karg, P. E., & Brienza, D. M. (2011). Interface shear and pressure characteristics of wheelchair seat cushions. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 48(3), 225-234.
• Antokal St., D. Brienza, et al Friction Induced Skin Injuries – Are they Pressure Ulcers? National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; White Paper, NPUAP 11/2012
• Armstrong DG, Peters EJ, Athanasiou KA, Lavery LA: Is there a critical level of plantar foot pressure to identify patients at risk for neuropathic foot ulceration? J Foot Ankle Surg 37(4):303-7, 1998
• Bader, DL: The recovery characteristics of soft tissues following repeated loading. JRRD Vol. 27, No. 2, 1990, Pages 141-150.
• Benett, L, et al, Shear versus pressure as causative factors in skin blood flow occlusion Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979; 60:309-314
• Bostan, L.E. & Z.A Taylor et al, A comparison of friction behavior for ex vivo human tissue engineered and synthetic skin Tribology International Vol 103 Nov. 2016, 487-495 Elsevier
• Carlson, J.M. The Mechanics of Soft Tissue Damage The Academy Today 7.1 (Feb. 2011): A-5-7.
• Carlson, J.M. The Friction Factor OrthoKinetic Review 1.7 (Nov.-Dec. 2001): 1-3.
• Carlson, J.M. Functional Limitations from Pain Caused by Repetitive Loading on the Skin: A Review and Discussion for Practitioners, with New Data for Limiting Friction Loads. JPO 18(4):93-103 Oct. 2006
• Carlson, J.M. et al, Using ShearBan to offload Shear on the Diabetic Foot, White Paper May 10, 2012.
• Cavanagh, PA, Bus SA. Off-loading the diabetic foot for ulcer prevention and healing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(5):360-8, 2010.
• Ceelen, KK, Stekelenburg A, Loerakker S, et al. Compression induced damage and internal tissue strains are related., J Biomech 2008: 3399-3404
• Chen, WP, Ju CW, Tang FT, Effects of total contact insoles on the plantar stress redistribution; a finite element analysis. Clin Biomech 18(6): 17-24, 2003
• Cottenden, AM, Wong WK, Cottenden DJ and Farbrot A. “Development and validation of a new method for measuring friction between skin and nonwoven materials”. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 2008;222(5):791-803.
• Derler, S., L-C Gerhardt et al Friction of human skin against smooth and rough glass as a function of the contact pressure Tribology International 42 (2009)1565-1574 Elsevier
• Dindale, SM. Decubitus Ulcers: Role of pressure and friction in causation. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1974; 55: 147-152.
• Edsberg, L.E. et al Mechanical characteristics of human skin subjected to static versus cyclic normal pressures JRRD Vol 36 No. 2 April 1999.
• Gefen, A. Deep Tissue Injury: What do Cells in the Buttocks Sense During Sitting? Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Tel Aviv University, 02/2012
• Gefen, A. Bioenginering Research of Chronic Wounds, A Multidisciplinary Study Approach; Springer Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-00534-3.
• Goossens, RHM, Snijders CJ, Holscher TG, Heerens WC, Holman AE. Shear stress measured on beds and wheelchairs. Scand J Rehab Med 1997; 29: 131-136.
• Hanna, T., and J. Martin Carlson. Freedom of Friction, OrthoKinetic Review. 4.2 (Mar.-Apr. 2004): 34-35. Hanson, D., Langemo, D. K., Anderson, J., Thompson, P., & Hunter, S. (2010). Friction and shear considerations in pressure injury development. Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 23(1), 21-24.
• Kaphingst W. & M. Payette, Considerations on Friction & Shear in Human Soft Tissue, Mobility Management, Nov 17 2015,
• Kobara, K., Daisuke, F., Osaka, H., Ito, T., Yoshimura, Y., & Ishida, H. (2013). Mechanism of fluctuation in shear force applied to buttocks during reclining of back support on wheelchair. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 8(3), 220-224.
• Lahman NA, Kottner J, Relation between pressure, friction and pressure ulcer categories: a secondary data analysis of hospital patients using CHAID methods. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48: 1487-1494.
• Landsman, Is Shear the new Plantar Pressure, 05/2012 16:14 Podiatry Today.
• Le, KM. Madsen BL, Barth PW, et al. An in-depth look at pressure sores using monolithic silicon pressure sensors. Plastic Reconstr Surg. 74:745-756, 1984
• Lewis, DW, Nourse BM: A device designed to approximate shear forces on human skin (a preliminary study). Bull Prosthet Res. 1978 Fall:36-46.
• Linder-Ganz E, Engelberg A, Scheinowitz M, et al. Pressure-time cell death threshold for albino rat skeletal muscles as related to pressure sore biomechanics. J Biomech 2006; 39: 2725-2732.
• Linder-Ganz, E, Gefen A, The effects of pressure and shear on capillary closure in the microstructure of skeletal muscles. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007 Dec; 35(12):2095-107
• Lobman, R, Kasten G, Kasten U, Lehnert H, Association of increased plantar pressures with peripheral sensorimotor and peripheral autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes, Nutr Metab 15(3): 165-8, June 2002.
• Maluf, KS, Morley RE Jun,Richter EJ, Klaesner JW, Mueller MJ, Monitoring in-shoe plantar pressures, temperature and humidity, reliability and validity of measures from a portable device. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82(8): 1119-27, 2001.
• Mueller MJ, Lott DJ. Hastings MK, Commean PK, Smith KE, Pilgrim TK, Efficacy and mechanism of orthotic devices to unload metatarsal heads in people with diabetes and a history of plantar ulcers. Phys Ther 86(6): 833-42, 2006.
• Naylor PFD, Experimental friction blisters. Br Dermatol 1955; 67:327-342
• Naylor PFD, The skin surface and friction Br Dermatol 1955; 67:239-248
• OhuraT, Takahashi M, Ohura N,Jr.: Influence of External Force (Pressure and Shear Force) on Superficial Layer and Subcutis of Porcine Skin and Effects of Dressing Materials. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2007.
• Ohura N, Ichioka S, Nakatsuka T, Shibita M.: Evaluating dressing materials for the prevention of shear force in the treatment of pressure ulcers. J Wound Care 14(9):401-4, 2005.
• Scherer P.The Case for Friction Management, Biomechanics & Orthotics, Podiatry Management 09-2012, 111-116.
• Smith G., A. Ingram, Clinical and cost effectiveness evaluation of low friction and shear garments Journal of Wound Care, Vol. 19, No 12, Dec. 2010.
• Sivamani R.K., GooodmanJ., Gitis N.V., Maibach H.I. : Friction coefficient of skin in real-time. Skin Research and Technology, 2003, 9, 235-239.
• Stekelenburg A. Strikers GJ, Panusel H, et al, Role of ischemia and deformation in the onset of compression-induced deep tissue injury: MRI based studies in a rat model, J. Appl. Physiol. 2007 May; 102(5):2002-11.
• Stekelenburg A. et al, Compression-induced damage and internal tissue strains are related, J. Biomech 2008 Dec 5;41(16):3399-404. Physiol. 2007 May; 102(5):2002-11.
• Sulzberger MB et al; Studies on blisters produced by friction. J Invest Dermatol 1966; 47:456-465.
• Tasron D.N., Thurston T.J., Carré M.J., Frictional behavior of running sock textiles against plantar skin, 7th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST 2015. 1877-7058 © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.; online www.sciencedirect.com
• Tsung BYS, Zhang M, Mak AFT, Wong MW, Effectiveness on insoles on plantar pressure redistribution. J Rehabil Res Dev 42(6A): 767-74, 2004
• Veijgen N.K. et al, Relating Friction on the Human Skin to the Hydration and Temperature of the Skin, Springer Sciences & Business Media New York, 11/2012
• Veves A, Murray HJ, Young MJ, and Boulton AJM. The risk of foot ulceration in Diabetic patients with high foot pressure: a prospective study. Diabetologia 35(7):660-3, 1992.
• Zhang M. , Mak A.F.T.: In vivo friction properties of human skin. P&O Int 1999, 23, 135-141

Clinical Posters

• Protecting Skin / Tissue by Integrating Low-Friction Technology at Augustana Care. Caroline Portoghese, LNHA, OTR/L, ATP/SMS, MSCS, MBA, Senior Clinical and Education Specialist, Tamarack Habilitation Technologies, Inc., Blaine, MN; Julie Thurn, RN, BSN, Corporate Director of SNF Clinical Practice, Augustana Care, Minneapolis, MN Presented at the Minnesota Gerontological Society Annual Conference, April 2018.
• Four Years of Strategic Friction Reduction for a Client with Athetoid Cerebral Palsy.Chris Cantu OTR/L. Northwestern Illinois Association. Aurora, IL. International Seating Symposium, Vancouver  2018.
• Clinical Implications of Friction/Shear Reduction for Patients with Epidermolysis Bullosa. Katie Menard, PT, DPT, CKTP, C/NDT; Jakub Tolar, MD, PhD; Gretchen Lilja, RN, BSN; Sarah Preusser, MS, PA-C. University of Minnesota Masonic Medical Center. Minneapolis, MN. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Conference, Las Vegas, 2018.
• Compression Garments with an Ultra-Low Friction Interface for Patients with Burns. Jon Gayken, MD. Hennepin County Medical Center. Minneapolis, MN. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Conference, Las Vegas, 2018.
• Does Friction/Shear Reducing Low Friction Fabric in Total Contact Cast (TCC) and Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker (CROW) Enhance Wound Healing and Safety?Jan Chevrette, FNP-CWOCN, CFCN, HealthPartners Wound Clinic, St. Paul, MN; Ulrich Schmidt, CPO, Winkley Orthotics & Prosthetics, Minneapolis, MN. SAWC Spring, 30^th Annual Symposium on Advanced Wound Care, San Diego, 2017.
• IAD: Can Reducing Friction and Shear Heal and Prevent Recurrence?Sheila Howes-Trammel, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC, CWCN, CCCN, CFCN, CLNC, Hennepin Country Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN. NPUAP Research Symposium, Las Vegas, 2016;  33^rd International Seating Symposium, Nashville, 2017
• Using Strategic Friction Reduction to Prevent and Treat Pressure Injuries.Sheila Howes-Trammel, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC, CWCN, CCCN, CFCN, CLNC, Hennepin Country Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN. SAWC Symposium on Advanced Wound Care, Las Vegas, 2016
• Garments for Friction Management for Wheelchair or Extended Bed Surface Users.Mark Payette, CO, ATP; J. Martin Carlson, MS, CPO; Wieland Kaphingst, Dipl.-Ing, BMT. Tamarack Habilitation Technologies, Inc., Minneapolis, MN. 33rd International Seating Symposium, Vancouver, 2017.